Baduanjin is a Health exercise which is spreaded most widely and most profoundly in ancient Chinese guidance technique.Baduanjin conceived by Chinese traditional philosophy is a exercise with medical health care function,and is representative of the Chinese traditional health culture.This article uses the methods of literature study and logic analysis,began to trace the development process of fitness Qigong and Baduanjin by connotation of Baduanjin and Qigong Ba Duan Jin,and study cultural value and medical value,and put forward the way to realize its value.

Blockchain is a trusted system built for the first time in human history,which has the characteristics of distributed storage,decentralization,distrust and transparency.Social football is an important field to realize the dream of a football power.At present,it is urgent to explore the governance mode in line with the spontaneous characteristics of social football and standardize the development order of social football.This paper studies how to integrate blockchain into the social football governance to provide a feasible path for social football intelligence governance.In view of the problems of the current social football area,such as the unsuitable governance situation,the low governance effectiveness,the imperfect system development,and the non-transparent governance process,this paper proposes the concept of social football blockchain governance,including distributed governance mode,supervision based on consensus,smart contract to protect benefits,and traceable resource integration.This paper designs a social football governance model based on blockchain,including three governance paths:(1)The cross section governance path of “government department-education department-local football association-social enterprise”;(2) The autonomy path of “football league-football association-association member”;(3) The P2P precise governance path of “social football supervision,guarantee and supply mechanism-football league”.The blockchain-based intelligent social football governance system is of great significance to reshape the internal and external order of social football,realize the industrialization of social football,and promote the vertical and deep development of “football power”.

This paper analyses the definition,mechanism,classification and training of movement pattern by means of documentary and expert interview.The authors find that:1.Movement pattern is the process of multiple body systems cooperating with each other to perform a movement program,so as to adapt to internal and external stimulation.Its inherent nature is Neural Traces,and its appearance is a single or repeated single movements.2.Human body system coordination model formed by the nervous system,sports system and other systems' antagonism and collaboration;and the movement parameter coordination model formed by movement elements' antagonism and collaborative are Movement Pattern's formation mechanism.3.The basic function movement pattern formed naturally and aimed to complete the daily life and activities;and the sport-specific movement pattern formed by the specific requirements of sports are two main kinds of movement pattern.4.The essence of Movement Pattern Training is breaking through limits of people,task and environment;Limit and release freedom are strategies of movement pattern training;Fixed characteristics are the content of action quality training,while variation characteristics are the content of action performance training.

This study reviewed the 30 years' development experience in golf course construction,golf college education,golf consumer groups,golf teams,golf society organizations,golf tournament,etc.,and summarized the main problems in the process of its development.At last,the paper prospects the future development trend of golf from five aspects,such as guiding rational development of golf course construction,promoting the training quality of golf education,broadening the level of the golf consumer groups,shaping a good golf professional growth of the institutional environment,strengthening the power of social organization and professional golf media.

The issue of Teenagers' physical health is a hot topic in the world physical fitness research.Through the combing of teenagers' physical fitness test history,the paper analyzes American philosophy of physical fitness test and evaluation in the new era from three aspects:government and community organization's concerns and measurements,physical education's promotion and rectified teenagers' physical fitness test assessment standards,and explains the development concept of highlighting health quality evaluation and testing of USA adolescent physical health in the new period.

FoxOs are highly conserved transcription factors with significant roles in cellular homeostasis.The four FoxO members are FoxO1,FoxO3,FoxO4,and FOXO6.This review discusses the central role of these proteins in the control of skeletal muscle homeostasis.FoxO1 and FoxO3 are key factors of muscle energy homeostasis through the control of glycolytic and lipolytic flux,and mitochondrial metabolism.They are important regulators of muscle fiber types and protein breakdown.According to their activation level,FoxO proteins can exhibit different functions.For example,a basal level of FoxO factors is essential for cellular homeostasis and these proteins are required for muscle adaptation to exercise.Different types of exercise have diverse effects on them.However,exacerbated activation may be present in many diseases,resulting in atrophy and metabolic disorders.A better understanding of these transcription factors functions will facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to prevent or limit the muscle wasting that prevails in multiple pathological states,such as immobilization,denervated conditions,neuromuscular disease,aging,diabetes,AIDS,and cancer.

In order to understand the related factors of adolescents' physical exercise behavior,this paper used questionnaires,interviews and other research methods to analyze the ecology model of health behavior.In addition,based on the model,this paper also analyzed the related factors from the perspective of individual,family,school,community and policy,explored the interaction between the various factors,put forward the corresponding intervention strategies,and promoted the formation of adolescents' physical exercise habits.The results show that the motivation of sports participation and the health protection of physical fitness are the most important for the adolescents to exercise and persist in exercise.Besides,family health awareness,economic condition,education environment,PE teachers' professional quality,exercise environment of school,community exercise facilities,sense of worth and group influence,etc.,all these factors influence the development trend of adolescents' physical exercise behavior.Sports administrative execution and policy resources guarantee factors are the driving force of adolescents' physical exercise behavior.

In this study,the authors used questionnaires,mathematical statistics and other methods to explore the relationship between the three variables of transformational leadership behavior,sense of satisfaction with physical education and continuous desire for physical exercise.The results showed that there was no significant difference in leadership charisma (CR=2.551,P=0.011<0.05),personality care (CR=2.108,P=0.035<0.05) and intellectual motivation (CR=4.516,(Satisfaction rate of 37%).Physical education class satisfaction has a significant positive predictive value for the promotion of continuous physical activity (CR=8.212,P=0.000<0.001) 18%).In addition,the Bootstrap method shows that the sense of satisfaction of PE class is the leading charm (Biar-Corrected 95% confidence interval is 0.057~0.308;Percentile 95% confidence interval is 0.015~0.311) (Biar-Corrected 95% Confidence Interval 0.015~0.261;Percentile 95% Confidence Interval 0.053~0.245) and the ongoing desire for physical activity play an intermediary role,and belongs to the complete intermediary (Leadership Charm Biar-The Corrected 95% Confidence Interval is-0.440~0.302;Percentile 95% Confidence Interval is-0.439~0.304) (Intelligence Incentive Biar-Corrected 95% Confidence Interval is-0.156~0.348;Percentile 95% confidence interval is-0.177~0.333).To sum up,colleges and universities should always set an example for PE teachers,strict self-discipline and caring students,through continuous improvement of students' sense of class satisfaction,which indirectly promote students to consciously develop their good intentions to continue participating in physical exercises in the future.

Theoretical model of exercise behavion can explain and predict individual exercise behavior effectively,improve the level of exercise,and promote individual health.Using the method of literature,this paper gives insightful analysis to exercise behavior theory model based on individual,group and organization,reflects the prospectus development of modern exercise behavior theory model and reveals the important role that exercise behavior theory played in guiding the intervention.It concluds that the exercise behavior theory model is developed from theoretical research to the theoretical and practical research and also applied in practice,the research view is transferred from focusing on individual to group,and the applicable strategy of exercise behavior theory has been changed a lot too.All these updates are the new beginning of the exercise psychology.Effective intervention is often established on the basic of theory.Therefore,researchers should draw on effective measures according to the new comprehensive exercise behavior theory.The connections between intervention program and the object,convenient and practical exercise information,active learning participation,cultivation,time and consolidation of skills should be emphasized in future study of exercise behavior intervention.

By methods of field survey and literature,taking a village named Nadong in northwest Guangxi as investigating site,the authors investigated the inheriting environment of Frog Dance,analyzed the cultural layers of Frog Dance,summarized the experiences of protection and inheritance,the aim is to provide experiences for village sports.protection and inheritance.Research results are as follows: the Frog Dance has unique culture space,contains four layers of culture contents,including substance,institution,conduction and spirits.The experiences are as follows: exert culture carrier function of sports artifact,respect traditional sports institution,focus attention on sports spirits inheriting,rely on nongovernmental force based on clan,and adhering integrity principle of anthropology.

The development scale and level of American sports industry is global hegemony,so far ahead of other countries.American sports industry enjoys a high degree of prosperity,because it has already formed a unique and irreplaceable strong core competence,which makes it possible to maintain a strong,sustainable development.Investigating its reason,the core competence of American sports industry can form and maintain,depending on the good growth mechanism.Further analyzing the core competence of American sports industry and its growth mechanism has important implications for cultivation and enhancement of the core competence of sports industry in China.

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the influence of distinct recovery methods during the recovery period on the aerobic and anaerobic energy yield,as well as on performance,during high-intensity interval training (HIT) of young male basketball athletes in order to provide evidence for institute training protocol scientifically.Methods:Twenty young male basketball athletes were willing to participate this experiment.Firstly maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) and maximal power output (W_max) of the subjects were determined by graded exercise tests.On subsequent days they performed three different HITs (each HIT consisted of four cycling bouts until exhaustion at 110%W_max and recovery time was 5 min) and HITs differed in the kind of activity performed during the recovery periods:pedaling at 20%VO_2max (active recovery,HITA),stretching exercises (HITS),or maintained rest (passive recovery,HITP).Work performance,exhaustion time,VO₂,VO₂ kinetics,accumulated O₂ deficit (AOD) and blood lactic acid content ([La]) were measured respectively during the experiment.Results:Compared with HITS and HITP,work performance,peak VO₂ (VO_2peak),mean VO₂ (VO_2mean) and total VO₂ (VO_2total) were increased while time constant (TC) of VO₂ kinetics were decreased in HITA (P<0.05).Exhaustion time,AOD and blood[La] in all recovery methods had no significant difference (P>0.05).Parameters above had no significant difference between HITS and HITP (P>0.05).Conclusion:Active recovery facilitates performance better than stretching exercise and passive recovery by increasing aerobic contribution to the whole energy yield turnover during intermission of high-intensity interval training,while the greater contribution of aerobic metabolism to the energy yield was due to faster VO₂ kinetics and greater O₂ utilization.

That celebrity endorsement can promote advertising effectiveness has reached a consensus in academia.But studies on the advertising effectiveness of the sports celebrity endorsers are few, and these studies' persuasion should be enhanced.In this article, we analyzed the researches literature at home and abroad using the meta-analysis and verified the holistic effect on sports celebrity endorsers' role model for the influence of the advertisement.The results show significant positive correlation (r=0.425).The appeals, reliability, professional and matching of sports celebrity endorsers all have a significant impact on the advertising effect.In addition, the paper has carried a heterogeneity test on the literature in order to explore the control variables such as measurement factors, situational factors which possibly existed between the influence of the sports celebrity endorsers and advertising effectiveness.Results show that the moderator variables, cultural factors and sample factors have significantly affected their relationship.

By applying literature research method,historical studying method as well as logical analysis method,This research based on the theories and practice of Winter Olympics and regarding the sustainability of Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games as a direction,summarizes and analyzes the background,connotation,process,govern system and operation of the sustainable development in Winter Olympics.The conclusions are as follow:1.The sustainable development is a necessary choice under the impetus and pressure.2.The sustainable development is a long-term way to promote people,environment,society and cities,as well as Olympics itself.3.The sustainable development of Winter Olympics concludes three phases.4.In order to achieve sustainability,the Olympics build up a governing system which involves guidelines,organization structure,knowledge management,bidding procedure,evaluation and cooperation.For the sake of sustainability,both international Olympics committee and host countries are focusing on the management of large-scale Stadiums,space planning,energy saving and so on.

Taking the 13th National Games as an example,this paper discusses the important influence of large-scale sports events on the national economy from the positive and negative effects.The results show that holding large-scale events can promote the growth of local GDP,improve employment level,promote the transformation of economic structure and the development of tertiary industry,and promote the construction of urban infrastructure.The resulting problems include the raising of government budgets by hosting major events,how to make use of newly-built venues and facilitate the use of the people after the games,the crowding-out effect on tourism industry,and the pressure to local traffic during the event.It is suggested that the budget of large-scale events should be done scientifically and reasonably;the utilization of venues after competitions should be emphasized;the tourism management during the competitions should be strengthened;and the traffic problems during the competitions should be handled in a coordinated manner.

Taking 730 Hainan sports tourism participants as the research objects,by the methods of questionnaire investigation,mathematical statistics methods and etc.,this essay analyzes the conception and characteristics of sport tourists in their basic situation,motivation and behavior.The result shows that sport tourists not only have the general tourists' characteristics but also have the characteristics of participatory in tourism mode,the dualism of tourism purpose and the specificity of tour groups.Hainan Sports tourists are mainly young and middle-aged males.Their sports tourism consumption is mostly at the moderate level and their tourism motivation has significant correlation with the level of income.Their sport tourism motivation are significantly diversified.Through factor analysis,it finds that the motivations of sport tourists can be divided into three types,i.e.the making innovations,challenging ego and bodybuilding.The essay puts forward that Hainan should develop its sport tourists market,mainly targeting at young and middle-aged men and moderate consumption level,integrate sports tourism resources of Hainan and create marine sports tourism products at focal points.All-dimensions and all aspects of sport and tourism departments in charge should strengthen cooperation with clear direction and formulate special plan for sport tourism,thus making Hainan the destination of tropical sport tourism.

This study selected 717 elderly people in Shanghai City District community as the research objects.Using the research methods of literature,questionnaire,interview etc.,it made an analysis of participant behavior,motive and influencing factors of elderly people who participate in leisure time physical activities in parts of Shanghai from sports event,place,expense on sport,association activities participation and other aspects.It can solve some of the puzzles for old people in leisure sports participation in the government,and affer reference for the government's policy making to promote the participation in leisure sports of the elderly.

At present,core training includes "core strength training" and "core stability training".The core strength training is the effective promotion and training of the balance and stability of the body,and its training focuses on the stable training of the deep muscle group and the effective control and adjustment of the nerves related to the muscles.Core stability training is to strengthen the local and overall stability of the body by regulating the neuromuscular control system.The focus of previous studies is on the core training theory and its relationship with sports performance.and there are few related reviews about the core training to prevent sports injury.This paper summarizes the research progress of core training related theories,core strength and core stability training in sports injury,in order to enrich the basic theory of sports training and national fitness,and to provide reference for the sports injury prevention.

Amercian university students' sports community development has a long history and forms its own unique management idea,operation experience and development model,which are worthy of learning for us.Therefore,we mainly analyze the main characteristics of the sports community development in Harford University,Brown University,Stanford University,University of Maryland,Duke University,Georgetown University,and at the same time,put forward the relevant important enlightenment to promote the sustainable development of China's college students' sports organizations.

Based on enactive and embodied cognition,the Choking phenomenon in sports situation is studied by using methods of document literature,logical deduction,exemplification,and so on.It is found that the theory of embodied cognition can be employed to effectively analyze the performances of elite athletes in sports,and the Choking phenomenon relies on the actual environments.The Choking theory can be used to explained the embodied cognition system built on ecological dynamics,and the environmental suitability of Choking-susceptible athletes can be improved significantly by adopting the method of embodied nonlinear constructing training.It concludes that athletes Choking in high-level sport games is the embodied behavior which disrupts the effective coupling between organism and environments.Thus,we recommend to adopt the nonlinear constructing training method consisting of the embodied skills.

Objective: To study comparatively five different skinfold-thickness equations for predicting percentage body fat,and try to find out a relatively appropriate method to estimate body fat mass in obese children and adolescents of Han population.Methods:According to gender and age,76 obese children and adolescents of Han population were divided into 4 groups,and were measured in body height and body weight,waist and hip circumference,skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA).Correlation and agreement between the skinfold-thickness equations involves Lohman,Brozek,Siri,Slaughter,and Chinese prediction equations and BIA.were analyzed.Results: Firstly,Brozek equation and Siri equation overestimated body fat mass in all subjects,but Chinese prediction equation underestimated it.Secondly,for 13~18yrs girls,Slaughter equation best predicted body fat mass and gave the highest correlation(R=0.833)and the lowest bias and limits of agreement compared with BIA.Thirdly,Lohman equation overestimated body fat mass in 7~12yrs boys while underestimated body fat mass in 7~12yrs girls and 13~18yrs boys,denoting the equation was not suitable for the test groups.Conclusion: Compared to other prediction equations through various types of skin fold thickness,it seems that Slaughter equation may be used in 13~18yrs female obese adolescents of Han population.

Objective:Middle school is the key period for the correct social ideas,positive attitude to communication and good social behavior formation.Through the physical education platform to promote the socialization of students is a worthy of further attention and research in the field.Method:In the context of mixed class and divided class,using the method of psychological measurement,to investigate the relationship between different organization form and social avoidance and distress.Results:Mixed class and divided class students have significant differences in the social avoidance and distress,divided class students have higher social avoidance and distress than the mixed class students.Conclusions:Mixed class organization form is more conducive to improve social communication problems;girls are more vulnerable to the impact of different form than boys;mixed class is more conducive to the improvement of female social avoidance and social distress.

By using the methods of literature and field research,this paper reviews the policy process of “poverty governance” assisted by sports in China 40 years of reform and opening-up,and puts forward the policies for improving the long-term mechanism of sports poverty alleviation.The paper holds that the implementation of policies is a significant way to secure the sports rights among the poor.To some extent,the help of sports to the poverty alleviation in the fields of health,culture,education and economy constitutes the logical starting point for sports to help the poverty governance.The achievements in the 40-year policy process are reflected in the formulation of the working principles of rural sports,the planning of the top-level design of rural sports,the clarification of the working procedures and the establishment of a strategic position of poverty governance through sports.However,the level of sports rights and interests protection of the poor needs to be improved;the overall consideration of sports work in poor areas is not deep enough;the integration and development ability of sports poverty alleviation needs to be improved,and the multiple functions of sports poverty alleviation still need to be paid attention to.This paper puts forward that the policy makers should make the medium and long-term plan of sports public service,improve the coping mechanism of relative poverty;consolidate the position of national fitness in health,improve the legal system of sports poverty alleviation;increase the financial input of sports public service,enhance the social strength of sports poverty alleviation;create a new business form of sports industry satisfactory to the people,realize the policy of increasing the income ability of sports poverty alleviation.

This paper does metering statistic for comparative literature of Wushu culture and inductive analysis for research perspective,research methods and thematic content in the comparative study of Wushu culture by literature statistic method,content analysis and logic analysis and probes existing problems and research prospect on the comparison of Wushu culture on this basis.The result shows that comparative study perspective of Wushu culture is relates to the field of philosophy,communication,education,aesthetics,and religion and so on.The interdisciplinary perspective is obvious.The comparative study methods of Wushu culture mainly chose literature and stressed the comprehensive use of various research methods but also exposed the problems that methodology was wrong understood as research methods.They pay attention to the role of body awareness for the form of Wushu culture on thematic content,the difference of inheritance law between traditional Wushu and the modern athletics Wushu,the strategy difference of Wushu international promotion in national policies,media outreach and business operations,the impacts on education and training in Wushu from different teaching content,teaching methods and teaching materials and evolution law between the social environment changes and cultural development of Wushu.This paper suggests comparative study of Wushu culture must focus on comparison modes transforms from cultural elements static state to historical process dynamic state,from literature review to fieldwork survey and from Wushu cultural subject to Wushu cultural ecology.

This study found that Kerr's ideology was originated inJackson's Triangle Offense and innovatively integrate into Popovich'stactics of sharing the ball playing basketball.Based on absorbing tactics of conversion between run and gun,quick attack and defense conversion as well as Sibirdu's oppressive defensive philosophy,it helped to mould his unique view ofbasketballcoaching philosophy.He pay attention to rapid transmission and sharing the ball,developed efficientunconquerable lineups.According to the development trend of NBA technology and game players' style innovation and transformation of scientific and efficient collocation rotation,he established and shaped the NBA League best basketball culture system of an open and happy family.By analysis of Kerr's basketball coaching philosophy,there is not only theoretical significance for drawing on the experience of Top-ranking team building experience and insight into the development trend of modern basketball,but also the practical significance for CBA basketball coaches to guide and improve the competitive level of Chinese professional basketball tournament and training players.

By methods of literature,historical analysis,interview,etc.,this research has a deep study on the growth factors and characteristics of competitive sports.In retrospect of the competitive sports socialization management mode,the personnel training mechanism combining sports and education,the management system of the university sports federation (NCAA),professional sports league system design etc.,it argues that a sound management system is the basis of the growth of competitive sports in the United States.The idea of liberal education and professional sports values interactive fusion are the foundation of the growth of the competitive sports.The effective function of multiple subjects' coordinated co-administration and collegiality work is the guarantee of maintaining the growth vigor of the competitive sports.The strategic top-level design of "professional sports league system" is the growing power of the competitive sports.The multiparty communication operation mechanism is the channel to maintain the continued growth of competitive sports.It proposes that we should perfect our competitive sports management system,promote deep integration of competitive sports and school education,develop multiple subjects' coordinated co-administration and collegiality work in the field of competitive sports,promote market-oriented reform of professional sports,establish the alliance system of professional sports in China,and so on.

With the document data and historical study methods and so on,the authors take the historical evolution process of narrow spirit in Chinese martial arts as object and analyze the concept of chivalrous spirit.According to the principle of historical studies Inner Identity of Phased Development (Mr.Qian Mu said),chivalrous spirit of Chinese martial arts could be divided into four stages.Research results show that Pursuing the Pleasure of Life is the main rhythm for the chivalrous spirit of Chinese martial arts in pre-Qin Dynasty;Aggressiveness is the main melody for Chinese martial arts of chivalrous spirit from Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties.Concern for the Fate of Country and People is an important theme for the chivalrous spirit of Chinese martial arts in Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties.Recasting Spirit is so far the sublimation of chivalrous spirits in late Qing Dynasty as a totem guide to recast chivalrous spirit.Through the macroscopically stage division of the chivalrous spirit in Chinese martial arts,we can recognize its historical evolution forms in different periods.In further explorations to the cultural landscape of chivalrous spirit in Chinese martial as well as analysis on the agent of historical evolution,we can find out different social functions of chivalrous spirits in different periods that made different social effects to provide theoretical basis for the heritage of chivalrous spirit in contemporary martial arts.

Football stadium is an indispensable part of football game. The football-specific stadium has long been separated from traditional stadium in developed countries whose design concept as well as construction technique and standard has been improved rapidly. However,late-start,slow development and many other problems makes the football-specific stadium construction in China stay far away from the Skill Recommendation of Professional Football Stadiums and Specific Stadium Standards released by FIFA in 2011. By means of documentary,questionnaire,interview and statistics,the thesis compares and analyzes the current situation of the professional football stadiums in China on the basis of Skill Recommendation of Professional Football Stadiums and Specific Stadium Standards,carries out a full range of assessment by undertaking high-profile events as the starting point,in order to provide corresponding theoretical basis for the design and construction of future professional football stadiums,and provide more perfect and humanized hardware support for great football events.

Using the methods of standard deviation,fender HHI index and TOP K ranking to research the competiting balance mechanism between China-USA basketball league regular games from 2008/2009 to 2003/2014 which contains five seasons.It shows that NBA has a more outstanding balance mechanism compared with CBA,and couples of index point out that NBA makes the teams more balanceable and so the outcome comes with more suspense and ornamental value which are right CBA lacking of.This paper also compares the balance mechanism building between China and the USA,from which this paper consider that CBA should learn from NBA to refine the draft system and transfer system,and to perfect the backup force cultivating system step by step,and so to promote the level of the whole CBA.

Tongbei Quan,also known as "Qijiamen",is an outstanding boxing style among the collection of ancient martial arts.As it evolves through its long history,Tongbei Quan has developed a variety of styles with rich and colorful contents.It has become a precious gem in the world of Chinese martial arts.The cultural connotation of Tongbei Quan is based on Chinese traditional philosophy.The fourth generation Tongbei Quan master Xiujianchi proposed "posture,skill and theory" which promoted the development of the theory and technique of Tongbei Quan.This brings Tongbei Quan to a new category of martial arts characterized by the unique values of the traditional culture,like enlightenment,inner practice,fostering and delight.In this article,based on literature study and investigation of the historical inheritance,we recognize that the evolution characteristics of Tongbei Quan can be divided into four stages,i.e.,the preliminary stage of "mimicking the moves",the "elder Qi and younger Qi" coexisting stage featured by aggressive style and ability to overcome the strong with soft methods,the fusion stage of "five elements and five forms",the forming stage of "posture,skill and theory",and the technique development stage known for both "tradition and competition" and "performance and fitness".In the future development of Tongbei Quan,we suggest establishing a grand vision of martial arts,promoting the standardization of moves,emphasizing on visual attraction and increasing the fitness value of Tongbei Quan.

Based on the perspective of semiotics,this paper uses the method of documentation and logic induction study to study the main sports symbols based on basic theory,sports symbol between related concepts,symbols research status at home and abroad,domestic and foreign research characteristics and dynamic sports symbol.According to the results of sports sign of development in the future,the present research field transforms from competitive sports culture to traditional sports cultural,application theory from simplification to diversification,the research level from the surface to the deep transformation,the research content from macroscopic to microcosmic,and researchers from the sports media scholars to sports scholars.

Objective: To quantify the variations in lumbar vertebral, fibrous ring and the nucleus pulposus the maximum Von Mises stress form erection to flexion of 90° in sagittal.Methods: Using the spine finite element model to analyze the stress change from erection to flexion of 90° by taking human body weight, external load and muscle forces into account with finite element method.Results: The bend angle and the stress of lumbar vertebra both increase with increasing flexion angle form erection to flexion of 90°.The nucleus pulposus pressure was changed most sensitively.The maximum Von Mises stress of vertebral body was in cortical bone and the vertebral arch root was the area of the whole vertebral arch under maximum press.The area under maximum press of fiber ring was in the lateral part.With the bending angle increases, the maximum stress under fiber ring and lumbosacral was in the nearby of lumbosacral joint.Conclusion: Through increasing curvature of the spine and heavy objects close to body was beneficial to reduce muscle force and avoid sports injury in the movement of flexion with load.The area under press of intervertebral disc and fibrous ring was near lumbosacral joint and leads to the waist injure easily.

By the methods of literature,expert interriew,experimental test and mathematical statistics,seven movement function tests have been tests for 3 441 students (1 751 boys and 1 690 girls) at 18 primary and middle schools in three cities of Shijiazhuang,Guangzhou and xi'an.It is found that the development timing of various functional movement abilities and duration of boys and girls is different.The shoulder and hip flexibility and flexible capacity of girls were found better than the boy obviously,the various movement abilities of girls are better than those of boys at junior stage,especially the equilibrium stability of lower limbs,but the functional capabilities development speed slows down in the middle school.However the ability of boys gets rapid development.There is an widespread phenomenon that the body balance and control ability are weak in our country,which must cause the sports workers to pay attention to increasing the practice,and to further develop the students overall athletic ability and functional movement ability to provide the feasible method to develop the students' physical quality and improve the comprehensive development.

By using the methods of literature review and comparison,this paper analyzes the main characteristics of the cultivation system of American student basketball players,which is embodied in the "pyramid" type of cultivation system,the hierarchical competition system combining learning with training,the periodic scientific basic training mode,and the meticulous and reasonable athletes' culture learning management regulation,seamless docking of learning and career transition mechanism,a more comprehensive organizational security system.By examining the reality of the cultivation of student basketball players in China,we find the following problems:insufficient combination of sports and education,inconsistent connection between competition and talent cultivation,insufficient integration of theory and practice based on learning and training,and imperfect system and mechanism.Based on the experience of the United States and China's national conditions,this paper reconstructs the cultivation system of Chinese student basketball players,and puts forward some enlightenment:We should build a cultivation system that integrates learning,training and competitions,form a connecting system of athletes' training process,establish a coordinated multi-level athletes' governance mechanism,and clarify and give full play to the responsibilities and roles of the participants in the cultivation system.

Through expert interviews and case method, this paper points out the differences about the definition and structure in basektball offense system between China and American. Chinese basketball offense system is focused on the theoretical level, laying too much emphasis on teaching approach and not enough attention on coaches' role in building the offense system. There are many different classic basketball offense systems in American history. They are all built by acitve basketball coaches and these coaches more focus on the intergrity, practicality and personalize of their systems. To study the offense system is one of the important ways to win games. Therefore, we should do more research combined with active game.

Teachers engaged in PE teaching, researching and governing have been devoted to solving The Three Goals from teaching objectives, contents, teaching design and methods since New Curriculum Reform.Nowadays, our government has put greatest emphasis on PE to enable young people to develop a comprehensive and health growth by strengthening work-out scientifically and making sure one-hour-exercise every day.On this background and situation, this paper tries to discuss and solve two problems, one is, the role and function of PE teachers' professional leadership on effective teaching, the other, the level of PE teachers' activities and effect, from the aspects of connotation, value and developing bottleneck of PE teachers professional leadership for the reference of teachers and principles.

In order to respond to the “Supply-side Structural Reform” proposed by President Xi Jinping, we should promote the development of public sport services systems in China and learn from the experiences of the developed countries.Focusing on 6 countries including United States, Britain, Germany, Australia, Japan and South Korea, this paper analyzes the characteristics of public sport service systems in developed countries.For each country, representative system innovations have been selected to carry out case study.Some rules and features have been found in the system innovations in these countries, e.g.the institutional innovations of forming a joint working mechanism, the plan innovations of clarifying indicators and targets, the organization innovations of appropriate market management and decentralization, the platform innovations of opening school sport facilities and taking full advantage of comprehensive facilities, the content innovations of carrying out differentiated services for special groups, and the survey innovations of tracking data and conducting evaluations based on preliminary investigations, etc.On this basis, the following six feasible suggestions for the public sport service system innovation suited to China's current national conditions have been proposed.We should support system innovations by complete plans, purchase public sport services in line with demands, speed up the legal process to make full use of social organizations, improve the purchase links to make public services practical, provide differentiated services to meet diverse needs, monitor and evaluate the effects by use of quantitative and qualitative indicators.

Through the methodology of literature review,questionnaires,field work and mathematical statistics,this paper,based on a case study of Tsinghua University Men Sprinters (THUMS),explored the characteristics of speed endurance training of elite sprinters.The results show that:1) THUMS attached great importance to speed endurance training with the guidance of improving sprint performance by increasing the training volume of 200m to 500m distance,the speed endurance training volume of which was significantly higher than other sprinters;2) THUMS developed sprinters' speed endurance mainly by HIT of 200m and 300m distance,the training intensity of which was 80% to 95% MSS and the training interval of both were 2 minutes and 7 minutes,respectively;3)Generally,THUMS designed the speed endurance training session according to the training sequences of "maximal speed + speed endurance + aerobic endurance";4) From general preparation phase to pre-competition phase,the change characteristics of THUMS' speed endurance training loads were that distance,repetition and frequency decreased gradually while intensity and interval increased gradually.

Campus basketball is the footstone of American basketball and its culture has a long history and profound.Campus basketball culture makes a amazing basketball history in U.S.In order to explore the features and connotation of American campus basketball culture, the research uses literature review to analyze the development and features of American campus basketball culture in the area of material culture, system culture and spirit culture.Base on analysis of features of American campus basketball culture and survey of Chinese campus basketball culture, expansion of campus basketball core culture, development of material culture and system culture and accumulation of spirit culture are the right way of development of Chinese campus basketball culture.